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Inspiratory muscle training: a simple cost-effective treatment for inspiratory stridor

¹ Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
² Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

Correspondence to:
Dr John Dickinson, Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; johndicko{at}yahoo.co.uk

Accepted 21 February 2007

ABSTRACT
This case study describes the support given to a British elite athlete in the build up to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. The athlete had complained of breathing symptoms during high intensity training that led to a reduction in performance and premature cessation of training. Following a negative eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea challenge and observation during high intensity exercise, the athlete was diagnosed with inspiratory stridor. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) was implemented to attenuate the inspiratory stridor. Following an 11-week IMT programme, the athlete had a 31% increase in mouth inspiratory pressure and a reduction in recovery between high intensity sprints. The athlete reported a precipitous fall in symptoms and was able to complete high intensity training without symptoms. This case shows that IMT is a suitable cost-effective intervention for athletes who present with inspiratory stridor.

Abbreviations: EIA, exercise induced asthma; IMT, inspiratory muscle training

In February 2004 a 25-year-old woman of body weight 62 kg and height 177 cm who was ranked number one in the world for her sport presented to the Olympic Medical Institute, Harrow, UK for a eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea challenge to test for exercise induced asthma (EIA). After a standard pre-challenge questionnaire had been completed and informed consent was obtained, it was established that the athlete had no history of asthma or atopy. On questioning, however, she reported wheezing and dyspnoea during high intensity repeated sprint training in the swimming pool that resolved within 5 min of exercise cessation. There were no symptoms during any land based training. She reported that her sprint training was of poor quality and occasionally had to be abandoned because of her symptoms.

The athlete presented no evidence of EIA following the eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea challenge (fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 1.7% from baseline). Following consultation with a sports physician and physiologist, the athlete was diagnosed with inspiratory stridor and an inspiratory muscle training (IMT) intervention was implemented.

The IMT intervention required 30 loaded breaths twice daily using a Powerbreathe inspiratory muscle trainer (Gaiam Ltd, Southam, UK) five times per week for 11 weeks. The intensity of each breath was 50–60% of maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (a surrogate of inspiratory muscle strength).¹ She was instructed to inhale using her diaphragm and to minimise cranial shoulder movements during the IMT to promote correct breathing technique.

Pre- and post-IMT assessments were devised to monitor changes in lung function, inspiratory muscle strength, symptoms and performance. The athlete undertook 15x50 m sprints in the swimming pool with a maximum rest of 30 s between each sprint and was instructed to keep the rest to a self-selected minimum.¹ Between sprints the athlete rated perceived breathing discomfort (Borg CR10). In addition, observations of breathing pattern and noise were made. Maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal flow-volume loops were measured before and 5 min after the sprint test. The athlete was tested again after 11 weeks of IMT intervention.

There was no evidence of EIA following either the pre-IMT or post-IMT repeated sprint tests. Post-IMT, maximal inspiratory pressure improved from 144 cm H₂O to 188 cm H₂O (31%). There was no evidence of a reduction in maximal inspiratory pressure following the repeated sprint challenge before or after the IMT intervention. The average sprint time did not change after IMT (35.1 s vs 35.9 s); in contrast, the average rest time between sprints was reduced from 16.0 s before IMT to 12.1 s after IMT.

Before IMT inspiratory stridor was observed after every sprint from sprint 6 to sprint 15, but only occurred once following sprint 9 after IMT. The mean rating of breathing discomfort was 6.6 before IMT and 6.0 after IMT and was consistently lower throughout the post-IMT test.

Subjectively, the athlete reported feeling more confident during high intensity swimming sessions and her inspiratory symptoms were barely noticeable after IMT. The improvement in her breathing resulted in her being able to complete high intensity training. The athlete went on to compete at the 2004 summer Olympic Games winning a bronze medal.

DISCUSSION
Inspiratory stridor is a condition characterised by high pitched inspiratory noise that is often mistaken for the wheeze of asthma.^2–4 The presence of inspiratory stridor is associated with vocal cord dysfunction that can be diagnosed by laryngoscopy. This is very invasive, however, and the patient must have symptoms, which is problematic if inspiratory stridor is only induced by high intensity exercise. Symptom based diagnosis is therefore a more common and practical method (table 1). The prevalence of inspiratory stridor is unknown, but it has been estimated at 2–3% of the general population with most cases being adolescent females.^{5 6} The prevalence in elite athletes has been reported to be 5%; 53% of these cases also present with EIA.⁷

What this study adds Inspiratory muscle training is a suitable cost-effective intervention for athletes who present with inspiratory stridor.

 

Recent evidence supports the role of IMT in the treatment of inspiratory stridor associated with its role in activating muscles of the upper airway.⁸ Two previous case studies have reported successful implementation of IMT to restore normal vocal fold function in junior and subelite competitors.^{9 10} To date, limited data exist in elite athletic populations.

The objective of this intervention was to enable the athlete to complete high intensity training sessions in the swimming pool, which was achieved. The assessments that were conducted before and after IMT confirmed that IMT improved maximal inspiratory pressure, induced an improved rate of recovery between sprints and reduced breathing discomfort. In addition, the onset of inspiratory stridor was delayed and the athlete’s perception of limitations induced by her breathing was much improved. These data are consistent with previous case studies of IMT and inspiratory stridor in junior and subelite athletes,^{9 10} confirming the usefulness of IMT as a treatment for inspiratory stridor in world class athletes.

FOOTNOTES
Competing interests: Alison McConnell has a beneficial interest in the Powerbreathe Inspiratory Muscle Trainer in the form of a royalty share on licence income to the University of Birmingham, UK. She also acts as a consultant to Gaiam Ltd.

Published Online First 4 May 2007

REFERENCES

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2. Brugman S, Simons S. Vocal cord dysfunction: don’t mistake it for asthma. The Physician and Sports Medicine 1998; 26: 63–85.
3. Corren J, Newman K. Vocal cord dysfunction mimicking bronchial asthma. Postgrad Med 1992; 92: 153.[Medline]
4. Niven R, Roberts T, Pickering C, et al. Functional upper airway obstruction presenting as asthma. Respir Med 1992; 86: 513–6.[Medline]
5. Sullivan M, Heywood B, Beukelman D. A treatment for vocal cord dysfunction in female athletes: an outcome study. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 1751–5.[CrossRef][Medline]
6. Kenn K, Schmidtz M. Vocal cord dysfunction, an important differential diagnosis of severe and implausible bronchial asthma. Pneumologie 1997; 51: 14–8.[Medline]
7. Rundell K, Spiering B. Inspiratory stridor in elite athletes. Chest 2003; 123: 468–74.[CrossRef][Medline]
8. How S, Taylor B, McConnell A, et al. Increased activation of lingual muscles in response to acute inspiratory pressure threshold loading in healthy humans: an MRI study. Eur Respir J 2006; 28(Suppl 50): 356s.
9. Ruddy B, Davenport P, Baylor J, et al. Inspiratory muscle strength training with behavioural therapy in a case of a rower with presumed exercise-induced paradoxical vocal-fold dysfunction. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 68: 1327–32.[CrossRef][Medline]
10. Mathers-Schmidt B, Brilla L. Inspiratory muscle training in exercise induced paradoxical vocal cord motion. J Voice 2005; 19: 635–44.[CrossRef][Medline]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: bjsm.2006.033654v1 41/10/694    most recent Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this link to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Add article to my folders Download to citation manager Request Permissions Google Scholar Articles by Dickinson, J. Articles by McConnell, A. PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Dickinson, J. Articles by McConnell, A. Related Collections Related Article