Inactivation of the Complement Lectin Pathway by Candida tropicalis Secreted Aspartyl Protease-1

Abstract

Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Candida tropicalis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and is one of the most frequently isolated non-albicans species. It can cause localised as well as invasive systemic infections particularly in immunocompromised patients. Increased resistance to common anti-fungal drugs is an emerging problem. In order to establish disseminated infections, Candida has evolved several strategies to escape the host immune system. A detailed understanding of how C. tropicalis escapes the host immune attack is needed as it can help develop novel anti-fungal therapies. Secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps) of C. albicans have been shown to be determinants of virulence and immune evasion. However, the immune evasion properties of C. tropicalis Saps have been poorly characterised. This study investigated the immune evasion properties of C. tropicalis secreted aspartic protease 1 (Sapt1). Sapt1 was recombinantly produced using a Kluyveromyces lactis yeast expression system. A range of complement proteins and immunogloublins were screened to test if Sapt1 had any proteolytic activity. Sapt1 efficiently cleaved human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and collectin-11, which are the initiating molecules of the lectin pathway of the complement system, but not L-ficolin. In addition, Sapt1 cleaved DC-SIGN, the receptor on antigen presenting dendritic cells. Proteolysis was prominent in acidic condition (pH 5.2), a characteristic of aspartyl protease. No proteolytic activity was detected against complement proteins C1q, C3, C3b, IgG and IgA. In view of the ability of Sapt1 to cleave MBL and collectin-11, we found that Sapt1 could prevent activation of the complement lectin pathway. RT-qPCR analysis using three different C. tropicalis clinical isolates (oral, blood and peritoneal dialysis fluid) revealed relatively higher levels of mRNA expression of Sapt1 gene when compared to a reference strain; Sapt1 protein was found to be secreted by all the tested strains. Lectin pathway and its initiating components are crucial to provide front line defence against Candida infections. For the first time, we have shown that a Candida protease can proteolytically degrade the key initiating components of lectin pathway and inhibit complement activation. Findings from this study highlight the importance of exploring Sapt1 as a potential therapeutic target. We conclude that C. tropicalis secretes Sapt1 to target the complement lectin pathway, a key pattern recognition and clearance mechanism, for its survival and pathogenesis.