http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/32876 2026-04-25T16:51:25Z 2026-04-25T16:51:25Z Bird, JM Karageorghis, CI Hutchinson, JC Harris, DJ http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/33212 2026-04-25T13:03:58Z 2026-04-15T00:00:00Z

Title: A Bayesian Network Analysis of Exercise Experiences With Audio‐Visual Stimuli Authors: Bird, JM; Karageorghis, CI; Hutchinson, JC; Harris, DJ Abstract: Audio-visual stimuli are widely used to enhance the exercise experience, yet the technological devices used to display these stimuli have received limited research attention. The aim of the present investigation was to apply a Bayesian Network (BN) to formally model and quantify the relationships between technological features of exercise-related audio-visual interventions and aspects of the exercise experience, offering a novel approach to understanding these complex interactions. A dataset compiled from the extant literature (k = 6) was used to construct the BN, specifying the network structure and learning the conditional probability distributions of the model. Through this framework, we examined how technological features—viewed through the lens of the Embodiment–Presence–Interactivity Cube—and music influence the exercise experience. The findings indicated that the pairwise combination of high interactivity and presence increased the probability of more positive affective valence. The three-way effect of high embodiment, presence and music increased the probability of high arousal as well as a more external focus of attention. The combination of high affective valence and high arousal was the strongest indicator of exercise enjoyment. Collectively, the findings offer new insights into how technological features of audio-visual interventions can shape the exercise experience, providing guidance for the optimal design of such interventions. These results have important implications for both research and practice, suggesting that practitioners should prioritise interactive audio-visual interventions with music to promote positive exercise experiences. Description: Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are openly available via the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/82eyp).; Supporting Information is available online at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/hbe2/5892081#support-information-section .; For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from the submission.

2026-04-15T00:00:00Z Farrag, D Girginov, V Rocha, C Ghanem, M Althawadi, O http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/33145 2026-04-14T08:13:19Z 2026-04-06T00:00:00Z

Title: Organizational Learning from Sport Major-Events: The Case of the Asian Men’s Handball Qualification for Paris 2024 Olympic Games Authors: Farrag, D; Girginov, V; Rocha, C; Ghanem, M; Althawadi, O Abstract: Studies on sports event management have focused on how host residents perceive the event and its impacts, but very little is still known about how such experiences can facilitate organizational learning (OL) in host sports organizations. The study explores the potential of major sports events to generate human and social capital amongst the public and the ensuing process of OL for host sports organizations. Using the 2023 Asian Men’s Handball Qualification for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games held in Qatar, a mixed-method concurrent nested design was employed, collecting quantitative (survey questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews) data from event attendees and event managers, respectively. The interplay between tacit and explicit knowledge, as well as individual and collective learning, stimulated a combination of low levels of organizational formalization and specialization and individual (i.e., tacit) knowledge, which has resulted in an ‘operational adhocracy’ form of OL in sports organizations dominated by embracing knowledge.

2026-04-06T00:00:00Z Ford, H Lewis, J Tyros, V Low, DC Bateman, WR Lee, Y Sakadasariya, R Rex, J Oldfield, M Davare, M Shaheen, AF http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/33074 2026-04-01T02:00:50Z 2025-12-11T00:00:00Z

Title: The ExtRA Capacity Test: Reliability, validity and normative data of a new clinical tool for assessing shoulder muscle performance Authors: Ford, H; Lewis, J; Tyros, V; Low, DC; Bateman, WR; Lee, Y; Sakadasariya, R; Rex, J; Oldfield, M; Davare, M; Shaheen, AF Abstract: Objectives: Introduce The ExtRA Capacity Test, a measure for assessing shoulder muscle performance. Assess its reliability, validity and present normative scores in a large sample of asymptomatic adults. Design: Cross-sectional observational study with test–retest. Setting: Community. Participants: Volunteers (n = 344, age 20–90 years). Interventions: The ExtRA Capacity Test involves two capacity tests completed to a 30 beats per minute metronome: maximal scapular plane lateral raises to 90° abduction with 2.5 kg of external load, and maximal external rotations in unsupported prone lying with the shoulder at 90° abduction. Reliability was assessed in 30 asymptomatic participants, tested by two raters over two sessions, one week apart, using Bland–Altman analysis to determine mean bias and 95 % limits of agreement (LoA) as measures of error. Criterion validity was evaluated in 20 participants using Pearson correlation to examine the relationship between ExtRA and isokinetic dynamometry measures. A normative dataset was also established from 344 asymptomatic individuals across a range of ages, physical activity levels, and both sexes. Results: The intra-rater and inter-rater agreement for the ExtRA Capacity Test was assessed in a sample of 30 participants. The 95 % LoA for abduction and external rotation measurements ranged from 2.9 to 13.1 repetitions. In a sample of 20 participants, the abduction test showed good/moderate correlation with muscle strength measures but not with the external rotation test. Older age, female sex and not achieving the WHO activity guidelines have a negative impact on ExtRA performance. Conclusions: Within the caveats discussed in this paper, ExtRA can be considered a reasonably reliable tool for assessing shoulder strength and control in a clinical setting. The normative database will help clinicians set rehabilitation or return-to-play targets based on sex, age, and physical activity level. Contributions of Paper: • This study introduces the ExtRA Capacity Test as a reliable tool for assessing shoulder muscle performance in both sporting and non-sporting populations. • The test demonstrates clinically acceptable intra- and inter-rater reliability, with the abduction component showing a strong correlation with strength measures from Isokinetic Dynamometry. • The normative database established in this study facilitates the evaluation of shoulder performance relative to reference values stratified by age, sex, and physical activity level. • Given its high reliability, the ExtRA Capacity Test can be used to monitor performance changes over time, providing valuable insights for clinical practice and rehabilitation planning. Description: Supplementary material: Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031940625004067?via%3Dihub#sec0105 .

2025-12-11T00:00:00Z Bailey, DP Balezdrova, NH Cheung, KL Manohar, A http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/32778 2026-03-10T03:00:27Z 2026-02-18T00:00:00Z

Title: User experience and usability requirements of a physical activity smartphone application for wheelchair users with spinal cord injury Authors: Bailey, DP; Balezdrova, NH; Cheung, KL; Manohar, A Abstract: Purpose: Usability considerations for wheelchair users remain underexplored. This study evaluated usability requirements of a smartphone App (MvBii) for monitoring physical activity and sedentary behaviour in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury (SCI). Materials and methods: A mixed-methods design was adopted. Manual wheelchair users with SCI completed System Usability Scale, e-loyalty and user experience questionnaires, think-aloud sessions and scenario-based workshops. Six design and research evaluators undertook think-aloud sessions. Qualitative data was analysed thematically and mapped against heuristics. Results: Ten participants with SCI (C5-L1; three females) with a mean age of 51 ± 9 years took part. The App received positive ratings on e-loyalty (mean scores, 5.6 ± 1.51 to 6.10 ± 0.99 across items) and user experience (4.3 ± 1.03 to 5.93 ± 0.78) from participants with SCI. A novel heuristics principle was developed to explore “accessibility and inclusion” usability issues. Thematic analysis captured patterned meanings across tasks and heuristics including “Navigating with autonomy” (e.g., challenges with interface clarity and understanding terminology), “Language and representation” (e.g., simplifying using inclusive language and icons), and “Seeing progress not noise” (e.g., physical activity notifications that encouraged self-competition without external pressure). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the value of a mixed-methods approach to usability and heuristic evaluation for identifying effective, accessible and inclusive tailoring of physical activity Apps universally and for wheelchair users specifically. These findings can inform refinements to the MvBii app and provide broader insights for designing inclusive and effective mobile health Apps across diverse populations. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: • Wheelchair users with spinal cord injury demonstrated high intention to use the physical activity smartphone App. • Key usability issues were identified that should be considered in physical activity Apps include interface clarity, terminology, and visual accessibility. • A novel heuristic principle was proposed that will aid in effective design for accessible digital experiences. • Recommendations for physical Apps for wheelchair users include enhanced customisation, inclusivity and simplified language. Description: Data availability statement: The quantitative datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available at https://doi.org/10.17633/rd.brunel.28524245.v1. The qualitative datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because they contain information that could compromise participant privacy and/or consent.; Supplemental material is available online at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17483107.2026.2628898# .

2026-02-18T00:00:00Z