https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8611 2026-10-08T14:28:13Z 2026-10-08T14:28:13Z Tree, Jeremy J Zakharchenko, Veronika Jones, Alex L Jones, Benjamin A https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/33959 2026-10-08T07:19:13Z 2026-09-24T00:00:00Z

Title: What counts as an error in nonword reading? A methods study of acquired phonological dyslexia Authors: Tree, Jeremy J; Zakharchenko, Veronika; Jones, Alex L; Jones, Benjamin A Abstract: Acquired phonological dyslexia (PD) is typically characterised by impaired nonword reading, but defining what constitutes a nonword reading “error” is challenging due to variability in how even healthy readers pronounce nonwords. This study examined different methods for classifying such errors using data from younger adults (𝑛 = 41), older adults (𝑛 = 25), and a case series of individuals with suspected acquired PD (𝑛 = 6). Three scoring approaches were compared: (1) a mode-response accuracy method, which matches responses to the most common pronunciation; (2) an average response-overlap method, which assesses similarity to the full distribution of control responses; and (3) a singularly distinct response count, which identifies responses not produced by any other participant. Results showed that older adults exhibited greater variability than younger adults across all measures, suggesting that age significantly affects nonword reading performance. This highlights an important methodological issue: using younger normative data to assess older individuals may overestimate impairment. In the patient group, all three scoring methods broadly agreed in ranking severity across cases. However, the singularly distinct response metric provided clearer separation between patients and controls and captured a wider range of impairment severity. It also revealed that unique responses are relatively common even among typical readers, an underexplored finding. Overall, the study supports the importance of age-appropriate norms and more nuanced, response-level scoring methods in assessing acquired PD, with singularly distinct responses offering a potentially sensitive marker of disruption. Description: Scientific transparency statement: DATA: All raw and processed data supporting this research are publicly available: https://osf.io/xmz49/overview?view_only=56490b8ab7064f2e8b3223f5d6b032c0 . CODE: All analysis code supporting this research is publicly available: https://osf.io/xmz49/overview?view_only=56490b8ab7064f2e8b3223f5d6b032c0 . MATERIALS: Some study materials supporting this research are publicly available, while some are subject to restrictions: https://osf.io/xmz49/overview?view_only=56490b8ab7064f2e8b3223f5d6b032c0 ; Materials are contained in the manuscript or supplemental files. DESIGN: This article reports, for all studies, how the author(s) determined all sample sizes, all data exclusions, all data inclusion and exclusion criteria, and whether inclusion and exclusion criteria were established prior to data analysis. PRE-REGISTRATION: No part of the study procedures was pre-registered in a time-stamped, institutional registry prior to the research being conducted. No part of the analysis plans was pre-registered in a time-stamped, institutional registry prior to the research being conducted. For full details, see the Scientific Transparency Report in the supplementary data to the online version of this article.; Supplementary data are available online at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945226002534?via%3Dihub#appsec1 .

2026-09-24T00:00:00Z Mann, Leah M Dominelli, Paolo B Romer, Lee M https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/33957 2026-10-08T07:34:39Z 2026-10-06T00:00:00Z

Title: Ventilatory drive modulates the temporal evolution of multidimensional dyspnoea during constant-load exercise in healthy adults Authors: Mann, Leah M; Dominelli, Paolo B; Romer, Lee M Abstract: How increased ventilatory drive shapes the temporal evolution and multidimensional experience of exertional dyspnoea remains incompletely understood. This study examined whether experimentally increasing ventilatory drive via dead-space loading (DSL) alters dyspnoea during constant-load exercise. Nine healthy adults (7 male; 𝑉̇O₂𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 100 ± 16% predicted) performed constant-load cycle ergometry to task failure at 50%Δ between the gas-exchange threshold and 𝑉̇O₂𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 under control (CTRL) and DSL (15% vital capacity) conditions in a randomised crossover design. Dyspnoea intensity, dyspnoea unpleasantness, and leg discomfort were assessed using the Borg CR10 scale, and sensory-perceptual and affective-emotional dimensions using the Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile. Compared with CTRL, DSL increased end-tidal CO₂, minute ventilation, tidal volume, and inspiratory pressures without altering cardiometabolic responses, and reduced time to task failure (10.0 ± 2.3 vs. 13.8 ± 4.6 min; 𝑝 = .012). Dyspnoea intensity rose more rapidly during DSL, but was similar at task failure, whereas dyspnoea unpleasantness was consistently higher without a distinct temporal divergence. Leg discomfort and dyspnoea descriptor frequencies did not differ between conditions. Post-exercise multidimensional profiling revealed greater breathing unpleasantness (𝑝 = .008), immediate perception scores (𝑝 = .036), respiratory work/effort (𝑝 = .040), and air hunger (𝑝 = .027), with no differences in emotional response scores. Greater iso-time increases in dyspnoea intensity and unpleasantness were associated with shorter time to task failure (𝑟 = − .82 to − 0.88; 𝑝 ≤ .007). These findings suggest that increased ventilatory drive accelerates dyspnoea development and preferentially augments sensory-perceptual characteristics of dyspnoea, contributing to earlier task failure despite similar end-exercise symptom intensity. Description: Data availability: The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.; Supplementary Information is available online at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-026-06434-z#Sec31 .

2026-10-06T00:00:00Z Cooper, Daniel L Warland, Alyson Norris, Emma Kilbride, Cherry Paddison, Sue Bailey, Daniel P https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/33956 2026-10-08T02:00:56Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Using the Behaviour Change Wheel to co-design an intervention targeting sedentary behaviour in individuals with spinal cord injury Authors: Cooper, Daniel L; Warland, Alyson; Norris, Emma; Kilbride, Cherry; Paddison, Sue; Bailey, Daniel P Abstract: ... Description: ...

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Hassan, Anushé Lawson, David W Schaffnit, Susan B Urassa, Mark Sear, Rebecca https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/33953 2026-10-08T02:01:02Z 2026-08-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Childcare in Transition: Evidence That Patterns of Childcare Differ by Degree of Market Integration in Northwestern Tanzania Authors: Hassan, Anushé; Lawson, David W; Schaffnit, Susan B; Urassa, Mark; Sear, Rebecca Abstract: Women have received help with child-rearing throughout human history, and much of this help would have come from kin. Market integration presumably reduces kin numbers in social networks, which may transform the patterns of support that mothers receive. Yet, few empirical studies have quantified the role of market integration in childcare arrangements. Using survey data from 808 under-5 children from Mwanza, Tanzania, we explore differences in childcare arrangements between a village that is less market-integrated and a town that is more market-integrated. We consider low-intensity and high-intensity childcare from fathers, siblings, maternal grandparents, paternal grandparents, maternal aunts/uncles, paternal aunts/uncles, and distant kin or nonkin. We generate data on, and investigate, an often assumed but rarely tested hypothesis: that market integration is associated with (1) lower odds of childcare support from kin and (2) higher odds of support from nonkin. We find mixed support: fathers, siblings, and paternal kin have lower odds, and distant kin/nonkin have higher odds, of providing care in the town than in the village. Maternal kin caregiving is not associated with place of residence. Our findings suggest that market integration disrupts paternal kin childcare arrangements but not care from maternal kin, who may overcome greater physical distances to maintain contact. Distant kin/nonkin appear to substitute for reduced support from close kin in the town. Description: Reproducibility and Data Availability: The data analyzed in this study are not public because of ethical restrictions but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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