BURA Collection:

Out-of-Distribution Detection Through Transformation Rectified Activation

2026-10-08T02:00:39Z

Title: Out-of-Distribution Detection Through Transformation Rectified Activation Authors: Li, Maozhen; Liang, Yu; Qi, Man; Liu, Guanjun Abstract: Rectified activation is a highly effective post-hoc method for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, designed to enhance the robustness of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). It operates by truncating high neuron activations to prevent overconfident predictions on unfamiliar data. However, this approach has two key limitations: it only truncates outlier activations without optimizing the post-truncation relationship between in-distribution (ID) and OOD data, and its performance is often unstable due to the manual selection of the rectification threshold. In this paper, we introduce Transformation Rectified Activation (Trans-ReAct), a novel method that addresses these issues. Trans-ReAct leverages two core innovations: 1) it applies mathematical transformations to strategically amplify the activation differentiation between ID and OOD data, and 2) it introduces a dynamic threshold anchor that automatically adapts the rectification threshold to the ID data, ensuring stable performance. Evaluated on three benchmark datasets, Trans-ReAct significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods, reducing the false positive rate at 95% true positive rate (FPR95) by up to 9.76% and increasing the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUROC) by up to 2.04%.

High-Resolution Automated Millimeter Wave Imaging System

2026-10-08T02:00:38Z

Title: High-Resolution Automated Millimeter Wave Imaging System Authors: Hu, Shiwei; Hu, Shaoqing; Rao, Xin; Chen, Xiaodong; Nilavalan, Nila Abstract: Millimetre-wave imaging has promising applications in security screening, non-destructive testing and medical diagnostics due to its high resolution, non-ionising radiation and ability to penetrate optically opaque materials. However, the use of conventional high-resolution systems based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) usually requires the use of mechanical scanning devices or tracking equipment for coherent aperture synthesis. In this paper, we propose a millimetre wave imaging system consisting of a FMCW (frequency modulated continuous wave) radar module, a programmable electromechanical XY scanning platform and dedicated control software. The system automatically acquires the echo data on a preset scanning grid, and then reconstructs the image by distance FFT and spatial frequency domain phase compensation. Experimental validation of the method for metal detection shows that the method can clearly distinguish target features and accurately locate the depth.

MPHINE-KT: Heterogeneous Information Network Embedding With Metapath Knowledge Tracing

2026-10-07T02:00:37Z

Title: MPHINE-KT: Heterogeneous Information Network Embedding With Metapath Knowledge Tracing Authors: Li, Meizi; Shao, Zhijie; Xu, Li; Li, Maozhen; Chen, Yunwen; Yang, Ru; Zhang, Bo Abstract: Contributions: This article proposes a new knowledge tracing (KT) model called heterogeneous information network embedding with metapath KT (MPHINE-KT) to model the knowledge state of learners and predict the accuracy of learners' future academic performance. To mine the transfer relationships between different knowledge points in sequences, the learning experience of learners is designed. The effects of individuality and commonality between learners' learning experience and abilities through heterogeneous information networks are analyzed, learners' individual attributes are introduced, and the problem of data sparsity is alleviated. The design improves the prediction effect of KT models on learners' future performance.Background: Online education platforms use KT models to analyze learners' online study. These models assess and predict learning effects, providing multidimensional feedback and guidance. They fail to adequately extract the features of the transfer relationships between different knowledge points for learners. Moreover, they lack discrimination regarding the differences in the characteristics of individual attributes of learners, and does not fully integrate the multiattribute features of learners, resulting in the sparsity of input data. This restricts the KT model's ability to predict learners' performance in answering future exercises.Intended Outcomes: The MPHINE-KT model analyzes the historical interaction sequence data of students and exercise problems, fully explores the relationships among learners, learning experience, and learning abilities, and more accurately predicts whether learners can answer new exercise problems correctly in the future, thus providing support for key educational aspects such as personalized education.Application Design: The MPHINE-KT model first designs a learner's learning experience recognition module based on a learner behavior graph for capturing learners' complex representations in the learning process, and then constructs a learner heterogeneous information network. Finally, as an additional input, the learner's feature vector is put into the gated recurrent unit (GRU) temporal prediction model, so as to improve the accuracy of predicting learners' future learning performance.Findings: Experiments are conducted on several real-world datasets, and the experimental results prove that the proposed model has a better performance compared to existing popular KT models.

System-size dependence of charged-particle suppression in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

2026-10-02T07:56:34Z

Title: System-size dependence of charged-particle suppression in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions Authors: Belyaev, A; Gevorgyan, A; Hayrapetyan, A; Tumasyan, A; Adam, W; Benato, L; Bergauer, T; Dragicevic, M; Gundacker, S; Guven, AK; Hussain, PS; Sutantawibul, C; Sancar, O; David, A; Wang, J; Chen, L; Regnery, B; Glessgen, F; Kosmoglou Kioseoglou, PG; Meyer, A; El-mahdy, B; Tenchini, R; Kim, J; Smith, WH; Das, SJ; Meenamthuruthil Radhakrishnan, N; Potenza, R; An, S; Lomte, S; Meridiani, P; Ozek, B; Mal, P; Coelho, E; Gu, Y; Lobanov, A; Cole, JE; Pata, J; Stockmeier, L; Maity, D; Vanlaer, P; Urda Gómez, L; Ancelin, H; Van Laer, T; Jabeen, S; Fonseca De Souza, S; Rawal, N; Van Onsem, GP; Simsek, E; Voutilainen, M; Van Den Bossche, N; Kaur, A; Loveless, R; Murzin, V; Depasse, P; Qian, S; Tao, J; Masud, A; Cormier, K; Altork, J; Alsufyani, B; Coulon, G; Lee, J; Leonardo, N; Staiano, A; Lee, J; Chatterjee, S; Savoiu, D; Hasa, L; Ferrara, N; Orlandi, F; Vizan Garcia, JM; Saradhy, R; Matorras, F; Padley, BP; Meyer, AB; Yao, Y; Gupta, C; De Riggi, F; Paspalaki, G; Eliseev, D; Lee, R; Sguazzoni, G; Vila, I; Kilminster, B; Guo, Y; Sharma, V; Delcourt, M; Petkovic, A; Mohanty, GB; Wiens, L; Dickinson, J; Savina, M; Ranieri, A; Claes, DR; Maeshima, K; Di Florio, A; Wang, J; Lee, SW; Torkian, M; Gurpinar Guler, E; Malakhov, A; Spiegel, L; Chiusi, M; Kim, TJ; Klevs, M; Ghafoor, Z; Zou, R; Savva, K; Perez Prada, M; Alyari, M; Di Marco, E; Lee, JH; Schöfbeck, R; Bozzo, M; Prova, PR; Yu, D; Korytov, A; Ellis, KV; Simmerling, P; Ranken, E; Brennan, L; Kansal, B; Matthewman, M; Engelke, F; De Cosa, A; Encinas Acosta, HA; Dreimanis, K; Gulmini, M; Devetak, D; Joyce, M; Royon, C; Nargelas, S; Martin Viscasillas, E; Jang, H; Das, P; Lu, N; Awan, MIM; Spah, JL; Zucchetta, A; Pujahari, PR; Monti, F; Mohammadi, A; Neu, C; Caviglia Roman, F; Maggi, M; Stamerra, A; Garcia-Bellido, A; Botta, V; Seez, C; Whalen, KC; Hua, X; Flügge, G; Kumar, A; Myllymäki, M; Neogi, O; Hussein, A; Belyaev, A; Mejia Guisao, J; Moran, D; Jourd’Huy, E; Afanasiev, S; Ristori, L; Pérez Adán, D; Vischia, P; Steen, A; Putra, BAN; Bhyun, JH; Israr, I; Collins, E:; Hill, C; Buonsante, M; Hiltbrand, J; Ronchi, S; Fernández Del Val, D; Lethuillier, M; Baechler, J; Ochando, C; Cerminara, G; Kaadze, K; Chen, HS; Krutelyov, V; Aldá Júnior, WL; Tafoya Vargas, JS; Wynne, RA; Guerrero, D; Bunkowski, K; Dolek, F; Erbacher, R; Choi, J; Duquette, A; Roberts, A; Castaldi, R; Perego, A; Seidita, R; Colling, D; Bethani, A; Morris, J; Spiga, D; Galli, M; Novak, T; Salazar Segovia, I; Szanyi, I; Kim, V; Escalante Del Valle, A; Laux Kuhn, T; Savin, A; Suryadevara, P; Lombardi, F; Dordevic, M; Barbieri, M; Abu Zeid, S; Chwalek, T; Saha, P; Bachtis, M; Swartz, M; Milenovic, P; Long, K; Kim, H; Fernández Manteca, PJ; Kousouris, K; Kravchenko, I; Sexton-Kennedy, E; Vourliotis, E; Papadimitriou, V; Klanner, R; Yockey, H; Rudrabhatla, S; Chen, YC; Winterbottom, D; Rovelli, C; Beirão Da Cruz E Silva, C; Massoteau, B; Duarte Campderros, J; Bortignon, P; Gu, J; Barberis, E; Reimers, A; Motta, J; Appelt, E; Stäger, F; Palluotto, S; Vojinovic, M; Mohammed, H; Baradia, S; Ehnis, A; Kwan, S; Hall, G; Lee, K; Lowette, S; Verma, K; Sperka, D; Mignerey, AC; Jiang, CH; Dorigo, T; Schnake, S; Giffels, M; Summers, S; Tornago, M; Ko, B; Ryd, A; Thomas, L; Thete, A; Pauletto, T; Niedziela, J; Cruciani, M; Innocente, V; Wagner, SR; Donegà, M; Chudasama, R; Cox, A; Kim, T; Soffi, L; Neri Huerta, FE; Aimè, C; Ozdemir, K; Zhou, C; Connor, P; Wichmann, K; Salvini, P; Glege, F; Shulha, S; Eberlins, OM; Pari, M; Ganjour, S; Erdmann, M; Frosina, L; Zolkapli, Z; Barbagli, G; Sun, X; Vilar Cortabitarte, R; Hollar, J; Yang, S; Travis, T; Wolf, R; Celotto, G; Padmanaban, J; Steggemann, J; Yan, X; Finger, M; Liu, G; Orfanelli, S; Simsek, AE; Davis, J; Camaiani, B; Rendón, C; Chiarito, B; Van Putte, S; Marinelli, N; Tali, B; Pompili, A; Volobouev, I; Carron Montero, S; Ramdin, K; Jain, R; Mercadante, PG; Sheokand, T; Freeman, J; Li, B; Hinzmann, A; Yuan, L; Mirabito, L; Lampén, T; Fernandez Perez Tomei, TR; Bollweg, S; Strug, F; Ehle, IT; Lyons, L; Moral Figueroa, K; Shadskiy, N; Stamenkovic, M; Cavanaugh, R; Marozzo, GB; Vernazza, E; Gottmann, A; Lin, Z; Brandao Malbouisson, H; Krzyzanska, K; Li, C; Gupta, H; Park, J; Brown, CE; Buitrago Ceballos, WD; Hofsaess, R; Klein, K; Ghimiray, M; Fernández Ramos, JP; Hussain, M; Mussgiller, A; Clement, E; Hosseini, Y; Crovella, C; Bisello, D; Ruchti, R; Harper, S; Giammanco, A; Jiang, C; Masciovecchio, M; Ahmadi, D; Khuzaimah, F; Zuo, X; Meltzer, P; Savoy-Navarro, A; Katris, P; Ayala, G; Hong, B; Tizchang, S; Malcles, J; Hart, A; LeBlanc, M; Caserta, M; Abreu, A; Barton, B; Kyberd, P; Ventura, S; Li, D; Zaleski, S; Beri, SB; Zhao, Y; Fouz, MC; Camporesi, T; Giraldin, C; Crossley, S; Bessidskaia Bylund, O; Erdmann, J; Shen, X; Knolle, J; Grieco, C; Kamon, T; Feld, L; Primosch, D; Albert, A; Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, R; Goerlach, U; Kapsiak, C; Kanuganti, AR; Boldrini, G; Bossi, H; Stickland, D; Ravera, F; Amendola, C; Paizanos, L; Lusiani, E; Mills, C; Zhang, F; Gameiro Casalinho, F; Eo, Y; Dimitrov, A; Araujo, M; Matorras Cuevas, P; Blekman, F; Rodriguez, M; Petrow, H; Lawrence, Z; Dinardo, ME; Phan, T; Kim, D; D’Amante, V; Theofilatos, K; Confortini, F; Avery, P; Behera, PK; Zygala, L; Correia Silva, G; Sikdar, AK; Nandan, S; Moon, DH; Iqbal, MA; Tomaru, AM; Marckx, D; de Trocóniz, JF; Nayak, A; Nadderd, L; Hirosky, R; Solano, A; Li, J; Guo, Q; Viliani, L; Zada, A; Tabarelli de Fatis, T; Saxena, R; Kim, J; Hohlmann, M; Bedoya, Cristina F; Morris, M; Geng, X; Selvaggi, M; Loizides, C; Dell’Orso, R; Schwarz, D; Giacomelli, P; Meola, S; Barroso Ferreira Filho, M; Leyva Pernia, D; Phor, S; Lee, K; Nowack, A; Skipworth, B; Zhou, Y; Zoi, I; Papadopoulos, I; Missiroli, M; Purohit, A; Schulz, JG; Dattamunsi, A; Maier, S; Brigljevic, V; Richards, A; Santanastasio, F; Rathore, A; Amsler, C; Tropea, P; Langenegger, U; Sedighzadeh Dalavi, V; Xie, W; Zalewski, P; Adams, T; Siviero, F; Davies, G; Rantanen, MM; De Palma, M; Andreev, I; Hwang, K; Hashmi, R; Walter, D; Goy Lopez, S; Howard, A; Heyen, F; Jackson, WJ; Wang, C; Anagnostou, G; Skinnari, L; Tavernier, S; Mota Amarilo, K; Mrenna, S; Wayne, M; Karjavine, V; Beyrouthy, T; Radogna, R; Fischer, B; Kennedy, K; Dittmar, M; Bhowmik, D; Venkatasubramanian, N; Kim, HS; Da Silva Dalto, D; Wilbern, D; Xiao, M; Zinn, FP; Ozkorucuklu, S; Jindariani, S; Huwiler, M; Hussain, MM; Hsia, HW; Rusack, R; Chhikara, J; Benelli, G; Kole, G; Marchisio Caprioglio, M; Martinez Rivero, C; Cussans, D; Thomas, S; Chen, ZG; Russell, L; Rabbertz, K; Onengut, G; Pal, K; Dharmaratna, WGD; Carrivale, C; Sawant, S; Verollet, C; Eckstein, D; Dugad, S; Park, K; Bhattacharya, S; Presilla, M; Dube, S; Tosi, M; Veszpremi, V; Parmar, N; Downham, K; Giordano, C; Gaile, A; Frankenthal, A; Bala, A; Awan, S; Matchev, K; Malucchi, M; Sharma, V; Schonbeck, N; Watson, IJ; Bahinipati, S; Smith, VJ; Singh, RK; Magnan, A-M; Chhetri, A; Delannoy, AG; Wiederspan, B; Stephans, GSF; Vashishtha, S; Kalogeropoulos, A; Sarkisla, MA; Lo, YF; Devereaux, K; Thoreson, CS; Gecse, Z; Dobson, M; Gonzalez Caballero, I; Luo, J; Sidiropoulos Kontos, D; Banerjee, S; Leonidou, C; Zhang, M; Giorgetti, S; Tytgat, M; Segal, J; Oh, YD; Adamowicz, KF; Bauerdick, LAT; Dharmender, D; Akrap, P; Simkina, P; Holtermann, A; Florez, C; Bury, F; Bower, S; Alhusseini, M; Menasce, D; Wu, Z; Krohn, M; Gutsche, O; Zhizhin, I; Virdi, AK; Lee, J; Ford, WT; Mulders, M; Verma, P; Schleper, P; Mondal, S; Bam, B; Cannaert, E; Conway, J; Pant, V; Yi, R; Paschos, K; Han, Y; Xie, S; De Bryas Dexmiers D’Archiacchiac, P; Becerril Gonzalez, H; Brandman-Hughes, N; Reddy, GG; Yusuff, I; Gomez, G; Nenna, F; Bhatnagar, V; Ristic, B; Miao, Y; Wybouw, T; Lipinski, M; Lopes Da Costa, B; Generoso, L; Moore, C; Gottlieb, S; Kotlinski, D; Neutelings, I; Srimanobhas, N; Pradhan, R; King, J; Pfeffer, E; Radburn-Smith, BC; Barney, D; Da Silveira, GG; Raj, S; Czellar, S; Jain, Sh; Merlin, JA; Kao, YW; Brochero Cifuentes, JA; Cheng, T; Cerci, S; Marchese, L; Tang, J; Kiani, B; Mondal, S; You, Z; Zisopoulos, I; Bartek, R; Grassi, J; Klima, B; Cerrada, M; Malara, A; Pastika, N; Clare, R; Muhammad, A; Yoo, J; Portales, L; Koeth, T; Jalalvandi, M; Grzanka, L; Lutton, L; Khazaie, E; Verma, S; Grohsjean, A; Zaza, A; Avila, C; Singh, JB; Dutta, V; Elmetenawee, W; Benussi, L; Agrawal, A; Monteno, M; Toms, M; Ventura Barroso, A; Dittmer, S; Kunnilan Muhammed Rafeek, R; Geurts, FJM; Yohay, R; Sekhar, S; Xiao, J; Ball, AH; Raspereza, A; Berryhill, J; Hawksworth, M; Niendorf, G; Blanco Fernández, S; Toropin, A; Lai, MWK; Wyslouch, B; Stahl, A; De Leo, K; Cetorelli, F; Das Gupta, S; Adams, MR; Paganis, E; Härringer, N; Vaselli, F; Lee, J; Pinto, N; Ban, Y; Baldenegro Barrera, C; Herrmann, M; Chistov, R; Swain, SK; Bennett, C; Laroze, D; Ferrando, E; Kopp, G; Kirschenmann, H; Guchait, M; Paranjpe, MM; Civinini, C; Sokmen, G; Alpana, A; Mehra, Y; Zhang, J; Cuisset, TD; Dhingra, N; Cooperstein, S; Stepennov, A; Dezoort, G; Plastiras, N; Lin, J; Li, JH; Rebello Teles, P; Lange, J; Petkov, P; Della Negra, M; Albrow, M; León Coello, M; Rastorguev, D; Redondo Ferrero, DD; Macchiolo, A; Lavizzari, G; Torres Da Silva De Araujo, F; Li, Y; Malawski, M; Wang, D; Ciangottini, D; Gruber, A; Cazzaniga, C; Lang, J; Newbold, DM; Feliziani, A; Gritsan, AV; Novaes, SF; Jaffel, K; Kieseler, J; Hernandez, JM; Faltermann, N; Leguina, P; Bluj, M; Holmberg, M-L; Husemann, U; Tonelli Manganote, EJ; Mancilla Xinto, NR; Funk, W; Pellecchia, A; Adzic, P; Martin Perez, C; Schwanenberger, C; Zotto, P; Cota Rodriguez, A; Simpson, F; Buontempo, S; Bernardes, CA; Matos Figueiredo, D; Naskar, K; Vitulo, P; Butler, PH; Musich, M; Braghieri, A; Arteaga Escatel, S; White, R; Palmeri, N; Osterberg, K; Kaya, O; Liu, M; Treille, D; Cunqueiro Mendez, L:; Agrawal, C; Kwok, TH; Rathjens, D; Brown, RM; Lee, D; Pikurs, G; Merkel, P; De Guio, F; Borras, K; Zimermmane Castro Santos, A; Durkin, LS; Zarubin, A; Shokr, E; Pozniak, K; Jaiswal, A; Ellis, S; Cossutti, F; Petre, AA; Clerbaux, B; Kodolova, O; Mohrman, K; Varghese, S; Nelson, H; Bloom, K; Chavez, E; Hamilton Ilha Machado, G; Adamidis, K; Salvatico, R; Das, I; Le Mahieu, C; Beaudette, F; Meiring, P; Valuev, V; Lee, Y; Knight, CR; Alexander, J; Vijay, A; Chenarani, S; Rossi, A; Elvira, VD; Paoletti, S; Messineo, A; Paolucci, P; Denegri, D; Seidel, M; Viscone, P; Konstantinou, S; Hao, Z; Sanders, S; Ho, KW; Consuegra Rodríguez, S; Krishna, A; Forthomme, L; Escobar Franco, R; Ertorer, EY; Busson, P; Demarest, S; Melo, A; Ramos, D; Dasu, S; Chen, Y; Cosby, C; Mariano, J; Wang, J; Tiwari, PC; Gascon, S; Painesis, Z; Mormile, M; Argiro, S; Campbell, A; Marquez, J; Redard-Jacot, L; Lecoq, P; Bansal, S; Akchurin, N; Verstege, C; Quinnan, M; Negro, G; Kim, RS; Estrada Acevedo, D; Kashko, P; Sarkisovi, V; Luongo, F; Clark, R; Wilson, J; Della Penna, L; Navarria, FL; Adamov, G; Kotamnives, P; Kim, J; Wang, J; Moroni, L; Kharchilava, A; Babbar, J; Bautista, I; Acosta, D; Holmes, T; Brooks, W; Krolikowski, J; Landsberg, G; Norberg, S; Plese, R; Haller, J; Maslova, K; Skovpen, Y; Wang, Y; Liang, Z; Della Ricca, G; Ko, S; Meschini, M; Khanal, A; Maier, B; Fan, J; Bianchini, L; McMaster, B; Yoo, S; Karakoulaki, A; Belforte, S; Shevelev, A; Rosado, P; Major, P; Malvezzi, S; Wood, D; Piccinelli, A; Robertshaw, L; Komm, M; Moreno, E; Gungordu, AD; Antchev, G; Vendrasco, A; Dallavalle, GM; Snyder, C; Gonçalves Sales, MV; Piotrzkowski, K; Cavallo, FR; Topko, B; Ronchese, P; Szleper, M; Josa, MI; Kallonen, KTS; Silva, P; Alves Gallo Pereira, M; Andreev, Yu; D’Alessandro, R; Wang, F; Campagnari, C; Salazar Ibarguen, HA; Wang, H; Krommydas, I; King, S; Bainbridge, R; Redjeb, W; Diemoz, M; Puerta Pelayo, J; Pelliccioni, M; Pathak, A; Campos, D; Gouskos, L; Karacheban, O; Ahmad, M; Gadkari, D; Hartmann, F; Ligabue, F; Shumka, E; Nayak, S; Costa, M; Feng, Y; Fehérkuti, A; Bagliesi, G; Bolshov, A; Delgado Peris, A; Tuo, S; Kaur, H; Meneguzzo, AT; Sauvan, JB; Vellidis, K; Susa, T; Govoni, P; Lindén, T; Sritharan, A; Benecke, A; Sun, C; Borella, L; Maggi, G; Moallemi, M; Bi, N; Alvarez Gonzalez, B; Tauqeer, K; Uslan, E; Simone, FM; Srivastav, MV; Barone, G; Santpur, SN; Bellora, A; Yu, YH; Siamarkou, E; Ceccarelli, R; Cockerill, DJA; Bardelli, G; Atakisi, IO; Hou, Q; Cassese, A; Sikler, F; Matyszkiewicz, W; Brooke, JJ; Soeiro, M; Nuzzo, S; Kailasapathy, B; Li, A; De Jesus Damiao, D; Sharko, K; Bestintzanos, I; Hogan, JM; Calligaris, L; Kobert, A; Wuchterl, S; Migliorini, M; D’Anzi, B; Kadastik, M; Leutgeb, E; Riggirello, M; Breedon, R; Ranjan, K; Bylsma, B; Bonanomi, M; Gomes De Souza, R; Wu, HY; Janssen, T; Yetkin, T; Janot, P; Boletti, A; Monroy, J; Azzurri, P; Raciti, B; Sultanov, G; Citron, M; Greenberg, C; Turkcapar, S; Lincoln, D; Wolf, M; Brinkerhoff, A; Moon, CS; Wagner, PH; Alexakhin, V; Mundim, L; Agyel, D; Abdullin, S; Ortona, G; Cabrillo, IJ; Faure, JL; Paramatti, R; Tsipolitis, G; Alves Andrade, AR; Mora Herrera, C; Aebi, D; Wulff, JW; Harikrishnan, B; Petyt, D; 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Huber, B; Scarfi, S; Gadallah, MMA; Lammel, S; Navarro Tobar, Á; Tziaferi, E; Fischer, Y; Isildak, B; Sharma, R; Cuevas Picos, LE; Sahu, B; Smirnov, V; Kovac, M; Piperov, S; Chukwuka, M; Romeo, F; Jakovcic, K; Kumar, M; Sunnarborg, S; Labe, F; Martins, J; Malik, S; Juckett, L; Hindrichs, O; Sander, PM; Bortolato, G; Li, C; Meschi, E; Jofrehei, A; Jeppe, L; Naimuddin, M; Oshiro, M; Lopez Ruiz, R; Schieck, J; Titov, M; Karchin, PE; Wallny, R; Lizzo, M; Verwilligen, P; Reithler, H; Sunar Cerci, D; Tsai, LS; Wadud, MA; Obertino, MM; Korenkov, V; Bärtschi, P; Levin, A; Vannerom, D; Brew, C; Eysermans, J; Teague, D; Bundock, A; Couderc, F; Tomalin, IR; Bornheim, A; Sheng, TA; Gurrola, A; Tadel, M; Roy, D; Fangmeier, C; Ally, D; Cai, H; Aruta, C; Zhong, Y; Calzaferri, S; Lyon, A-M; Mueller, R; Greenberg, B; Chauhan, B; Siroli, GP; Charlot, C; Bean, A; Zeuner, WD; Chandra, S; Oropeza Barrera, C; Silvestris, L; Elliot, A; Margoni, M; Nandakumar, S; Li, YY; Hadley, NJ; Demina, R; Csorgo, T; Zhang, Y; Daskalakis, G; Rossi, B; de Barbaro, P; Bourilkov, D; Bright-Thonney, S; Razis, PA; Strologas, J; Yuan, C; Marlow, D; Blancon, B; Manoni, M; He, Z; Vaandering, EW; Ille, B; Trevisani, N; Sharma, R; Contardo, D; Maghrbi, Y; Milella, G; Kress, T; Gerosa, R; Heintz, U; Seth, C; Perelygin, V; Rossi Tisbeni, S Abstract: High-energy partons lose energy while propagating through the hot, strongly interacting medium produced in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions, leading to a suppression of particle production at high transverse momentum (⁢𝑝_T). The dependence of this energy loss on the size of the colliding nuclear system has yet to be firmly established experimentally. This Letter presents a systematic study of charged-particle suppression across four different nucleus-nucleus collision systems using nuclear modification factors (𝘙_𝐴𝐴) measured by the CMS Collaboration at the CERN LHC. Previous CMS measurements of 𝘙_𝐴𝐴 in oxygen-oxygen, xenon-xenon, and lead-lead collisions are recast with identical ⁢𝑝_T intervals and are complemented by the first measurement of the charged-particle 𝘙_𝐴𝐴 in neon-neon collisions at √[b]𝑠_𝑁𝑁 = 5.36 TeV. The neon-neon data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.76nb⁻¹. The 𝘙_𝐴𝐴 in all collision systems examined show similar qualitative trends as a function of p T, but have a magnitude which is ordered with the nucleon number 𝐴. The 𝘙_𝐴𝐴 feature a downward slope at low p _T, a local minimum at around 5–7 GeV, and an upward slope with increasing 𝑝_T. The 𝘙_𝐴𝐴 are also compared in terms of 𝐴^1/3, which is proportional to the nuclear radius. Models including only initial-state nuclear effects fail to reproduce the observed trends, whereas energy loss models reproduce the trends in the region 𝑝_T 9.6 GeV. Description: Data availability: Release and preservation of data used by the CMS Collaboration as the basis for publications is guided by the CMS data preservation, re-use and open access policy (https://dx.doi.org/10.7483/OPENDATA.CMS.1BNU.8V1W).; Supplementary material is available online at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269326005319?via%3Dihub#sec0008 .