Aversive medical treatments as a signal of need for support: a mathematical model

Abstract

Ineffective, aversive, and harmful medical treatments are common cross-culturally, his torically and today. Using evolutionary game theory, we develop the following model to explain their persistence. Humans are often incapacitated by illness and injury, and are unusually dependent on care from others during convalescence. However, such caregiving is vulnerable to exploitation via illness deception whereby people feign/exaggerate illness in order to gain access to care. Our model demonstrates that aversive treatments can counter-intuitively increase the range of conditions where caregiving is evolutionarily viable because only individuals who stand to gain substantially from care will accept the treatment. Thus, contemporary and historical “ineffective” reatments may be solutions to the problem of allocating care to people whose true need is difficult to discern.