Camera-based assistive apps through a stigma lens

Abstract

Camera-based mobile applications are widely used as assistive technologies, helping people with visual impairments access information about their surroundings. However, the use of these technologies in public spaces often increases the social visibility of people with disabilities, exposes users to unwanted attention, and reinforces external and internal stigma. Despite the growing popularity of these technologies, current design research and technology acceptance models do not adequately address the psychosocial barriers associated with stigma. The thesis aims to explore how stigma influences the use of camera-based applications, identify the mechanisms through which it manifests, and develop strategies to mitigate its impact on users' autonomy and social confidence. This work employed a participatory action research (PAR) approach encompassing four empirical phases. Structured coding and iterative synthesis were used to conduct thematic and content analyses of the qualitative data. Initial interviews examined the daily use of assistive technologies and the perceived stigma among users with moderate to severe visual impairments. A longitudinal experience diary study with key users revealed further details about the use of camera-based apps and uncovered potential drivers of stigma. A co-design workshop explored strategies to address stigma and, through collaboration with stakeholders, facilitated the development of design guidelines. Finally, the guidelines were evaluated for usability and applicability through pilot studies with design peers, online discussions with designers, and in-depth interviews. This work ultimately resulted in the development of a stigma-mitigating design framework. This framework, centred around six design guidelines, provides targeted guidance on identity management, privacy protection, and user empowerment, preventing stigma from impacting user use. The framework highlights core stigmatised factors and the applicability of specific scenarios, enabling designers to understand and apply these guidelines in real-world situations. This work bridges the connection between functional interaction design and mental health, offering valuable insights for developing digital assistive technologies that enhance the autonomy, inclusion, and social dignity of visually impaired users.