Perception of Audio–Visual Synchronization in Olfactory-Enhanced 360-Degree Video

Abstract

This study examines the impact of olfactory stimuli on user experience (UX) metrics in 360-degree videos under varying levels of audio–visual (AV) skew. Subjective responses and questionnaire results revealed that scents helped stabilize enjoyment and artifact tolerance scores, particularly under severe AV skews, compared to non-olfactory conditions. However, the stationary nature of the scent delivery device decreased the intensity of olfactory stimuli, limiting their potential impact. Objective analyses highlighted a masking effect in 360-degree videos, where participant visual exploration reduced sensitivity to AV skews. Despite these challenges, olfactory stimuli demonstrated resilience to AV skews, suggesting their potential to buffer negative effects and enhance immersive experiences. However, they did not significantly improve overall video quality ratings. The study underscores the need for advances in olfactory display technology, such as head-mounted scent emitters and dynamic sensory integration, to enhance multimedia experiences.