Seismic Performance of T-Shaped Aluminum Alloy Beam–Column Bolted Connections: Parametric Analysis and Design Implications Based on a Mixed Hardening Model

Abstract

The seismic design of aluminum alloy structures requires specific attention due to the material’s distinct mechanical properties compared to steel, which renders direct application of steel joint design methods inappropriate. This study investigates the seismic behavior of T-shaped aluminum alloy beam–column bolted connections, which consist of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy beams and columns connected by S304 stainless steel connectors via high-strength bolts. A finite element model, incorporating a mixed hardening constitutive model for accurate cyclic response, is established and validated against low-cycle cyclic loading tests. Parametric analyses evaluated the influence of L-shaped connector dimensions on hysteresis response, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and ductility. Results demonstrate that increasing the thickness of the short leg of the L-shaped connector between the beam flange and column flange significantly enhances the ultimate bending moment, with an increase of up to 36.7% per 2 mm increment, alongside improved energy dissipation and ductility. Stiffness degradation follows a natural exponential decay, with residual stiffness between 23.85% and 32.57% at ultimate deformation. An efficiency analysis identifies the most cost-effective measures for seismic design. The primary novelty of this work lies in the successful application and validation of a mixed hardening model for simulating the complex cyclic behavior of T-shaped aluminum alloy connections, coupled with a systematic efficiency-oriented parametric study. The findings offer practical, quantitative guidelines for designing aluminum alloy bolted connections in seismic-prone regions.