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Title: | An eco-friendly solution for liquid phase exfoliation of graphite under optimised ultrasonication conditions |
Authors: | Morton, JA Kaur, A Khavari, M Tyurnina, AV Priyadarshi, A Eskin, DG Mi, J Porfyrakis, K Prentice, P Tzanakis, I |
Keywords: | graphene;ultrasonic assisted liquid phase exfoliation;liquid phase exfoliation;two dimensional materials;bubble dynamics;sonication |
Issue Date: | 29-Dec-2022 |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Citation: | Morton, K.A. et al. (2023) 'An eco-friendly solution for liquid phase exfoliation of graphite under optimised ultrasonication conditions', Carbon, 204, pp. 434 - 446. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.070. |
Abstract: | Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasonic assisted liquid phase exfoliation (ULPE) is a promising method for the large scale production of 2D materials. Currently, toxic solvents such as N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) are commonly used for the production of graphene. In this paper four solvents; three green solvents (water, ethanol and water/ethanol) plus NMP for comparison, were sonicated and examined in terms of their bubble dynamics and acoustic emissions. Advanced fundamental analysis was conducted using high-speed imaging synchronised with acoustic pressure measurements complemented by shadowgraphic photography of the emitted shockwaves, in order to determine a suitable eco-friendly solvent medium from a cavitation bubbles dynamics perspective. Thereafter, ULPE of graphite in the optimum solvent took place for 2 h under controlled ultrasonication parameters. The produced graphene samples were characterised by employing a series of techniques consisting of Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and Raman spectroscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A mixture of deionised water and ethanol was shown to produce a yield twice that of pure water, comprising of high quality few layer graphene (3–5 Ls) with an average area of ∼1.15 (μm)2 and stability of ∼78% for the duration of six months. This combination is a promising eco-friendly substitute for future commercial manufacturing of graphene. |
Description: | Data availability: The data that supports the findings of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. Appendix A. Supplementary data: available online at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622322011125?via%3Dihub#appsec1 . |
URI: | https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/25928 |
DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.070 |
ISSN: | 0008-6223 |
Other Identifiers: | ORCID iDs: Justin A. Morton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7975-0730; Amanpreet Kaur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6424-4261; Mohammad Khavari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1972-2970; Abhinav Priyadarshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-3216; Dmitry G. Eskin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0303-2249; Paul Prentice https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-3622; Iakovos Tzanakis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-1034. |
Appears in Collections: | Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology (BCAST) |
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File | Description | Size | Format | |
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FullText.pdf | Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. under a Creative Commons license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). | 11.03 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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