Effects of In Situ TiB<inf>2</inf> on the Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Friction Behavior of the Al-Si-Cu Alloys Processed by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion

Abstract

In the present study, the densification behavior, microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and friction behavior of a TiB2/Al8SiCu composite and Al8SiCu alloy manufactured by laser powder-bed fusion (PBF-LB) were systematically investigated. The results confirm that the addition of in situ TiB2 particles into Al8SiCu alloys reduce the volumetric energy density required for a high-density TiB2/Al8SiCu composite. The TiB2 particles promoted a transformation of columnar to equiaxed crystals and the formation of high-angle grain boundaries. The grains on the vertical direction of the PBF-LBed TiB2/Al8SiCu composite were much finer than those of the PBF-LBed Al8SiCu alloy. The addition of TiB2 promoted the grain refinement of the Al8SiCu alloy, of which the average grain size decreased from 15.31 μm to 7.34 μm. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (El) of the PBF-LBed Al8SiCu alloy were 296 ± 6 MPa, 517 ± 6 MPa, and 11.7 ± 1.0%, respectively. The PBF-LBed TiB2/Al8SiCu composite achieved a balance between strength and ductility with a yield strength of 328 ± 8 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 541 ± 3 MPa, and an elongation of 9.1 ± 0.7%. The increase in strength mainly resulted from grain boundary strengthening, dislocation strengthening, load-bearing strengthening, solid-solution strengthening, and Orowan strengthening, of which the dislocation strengthening and Orowan strengthening were critical. The enhanced hardness associated with the grain refinement and the formation of the in situ TiB2 particles also led to an enhanced tribological performance, of which reductions in the average friction coefficient from 0.655 to 0.580 and wear rate from 1.76 × 10−3 mm3/Nm to 1.38 × 10−3 mm3/Nm were found.