Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/31305
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dc.contributor.authorNorris, M-
dc.contributor.authorRosenblum-Belzer, U-
dc.contributor.authorYoung, WR-
dc.contributor.authorKal, E-
dc.contributor.authorCocks, AJ-
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-23T14:11:37Z-
dc.date.available2025-05-23T14:11:37Z-
dc.date.issued2025-05-20-
dc.identifierORCiD: Meriel Norris https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-5612-
dc.identifierORCiD: Uri Rosenblum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-2739-
dc.identifierORCiD: Elmar Kal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1481-3016-
dc.identifierORCiD: William R. Young https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-8601-
dc.identifierORCiD: Adam J Cocks https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7793-3827-
dc.identifier.citationNorris, M. et al. (2025) 'Anxiety-related attentional characteristics and their relation to freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's: Cross-validation of the Adapted Gait Specific Attentional Profile (G-SAP)', Journal of Parkinson's Disease, 0 (ahead of print), pp. 1 - 14. doi: 10.1177/1877718X251326266.en_US
dc.identifier.issn1877-7171-
dc.identifier.urihttps://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/31305-
dc.descriptionPlain language summary: Anxiety can worsen freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's. It often leads to worrisome thoughts and influences how people pay attention to their walking. We think that these changes in attention can substantially influence peoples’ movement – for better or worse. However, there is a lack of research on this topic, and reliable assessment tools are missing. Therefore, we tested if we could assess changes in the thoughts and attention of people with Parkinson's, using a questionnaire (Gait-Specific Attentional Profile (adapted G-SAP)), previously used in older adults without Parkinson's. This questionnaire aims to measure people's perception of their physiological arousal (how anxious they feel), conscious movement (attention they direct to walking), rumination (self-preoccupation with worries about failure and expectations of negative consequences), and thinking efficiency (the ability to focus on different tasks). We also investigated if people who experience freezing show different attentional characteristics compared to people who do not experience freezing. Four-hundred and forty people with Parkinson's filled the adapted G-SAP questionnaire. We confirmed the questionnaire's reliability and found that people who indicated to have more worrisome thoughts and greater physiological arousal also experienced freezing more often. Our findings suggest that people with Parkinson's who experience higher rumination are more likely to experience freezing of gait. The adapted G-SAP represents a short and convenient tool for identifying potentially negative attentional and thinking processes that may increase freezing frequency. With further research to better understand the causes of freezing of gait and their relation to rumination and physiological arousal the adapted G-SAP could be used to monitor and test treatment effect on these constructs in the context of FOG frequency.en_US
dc.descriptionData availability statement: The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.-
dc.descriptionSupplementary Material is available online at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1877718X251326266#supplementary-materials .-
dc.description.abstractBackground: Anxiety often exacerbates freezing of gait (FOG) in people with Parkinson's (PwP). Anxiety-related attentional processes and associated processing inefficiencies, like conscious movement processing (CMP) and ruminations, can substantially impact movement control. However, their impact on FOG remains largely unexplored. Objective: To validate an adapted 10-item (1–5 Likert scale) Gait-Specific Attentional Profile (G-SAP) in PwP and assess if adapted G-SAP-subscales (Physiological Arousal, CMP, Rumination, and Processing Inefficiencies) are associated with self-reported FOG frequency. Methods: We recruited 440 PwP (Mage = 65.5 ± 8.7; 5.8 ± 5.0 years since diagnosis) across the UK. Participants completed the adapted G-SAP and questionnaires on demographics, medical background, and FOG frequency. We assessed adapted G-SAP's internal consistency, structural validity, and subscale scores associations with FOG frequency. Results: The adapted G-SAP showed acceptable internal consistency (α≥0.66) and acceptable/good model fit (comparative fit index = 0.976). Physiological Arousal and CMP subscale scores presented weaker correlations for PwP with FOG (PwP + FOG, r = 0.52) compared to PwP without FOG (PwP-FOG, r = 0.77; p = 0.006). Higher Rumination (OR: 1.323, 95%CI: [1.214–1.440]) and Physiological Arousal (OR: 1.195, 95%CI:[1.037–1.377]) were significantly associated with higher FOG frequency, controlling for age, time since diagnosis and balance/gait problems. Conclusions: The adapted G-SAP is reliable and convenient to measure and identify potentially maladaptive anxiety-related attentional processes that may impact FOG. Results suggest that PwP who experience more worrisome thoughts and greater physiological arousal in daily life are likelier to freeze. Compared to PwP-FOG, for PwP + FOG high physiological arousal was associated with reduced goal-directed focus of attention. Future research will determine if this is a causal risk factor.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project was supported by Parkinson's UK project grants K-1604 and G-2007, an internal award from the lead institution (Brunel Research Initiative and Enterprise Fund Award). This work was also supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Exeter Biomedical Research Centre.en_US
dc.format.extent1 - 14-
dc.format.mediumPrint-Electronic-
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherSAGE Publicationsen_US
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International-
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/-
dc.subjectgait specific attentional profileen_US
dc.subjectfreezing of gaiten_US
dc.subjectParkinson's diseaseen_US
dc.subjectconfirmatory factor analysisen_US
dc.subjectruminationen_US
dc.subjectconscious movement processingen_US
dc.subjectanxietyen_US
dc.subjectphysiological arousalen_US
dc.titleAnxiety-related attentional characteristics and their relation to freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's: Cross-validation of the Adapted Gait Specific Attentional Profile (G-SAP)en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/1877718X251326266-
dc.relation.isPartOfJournal of Parkinson's Disease-
pubs.issue00-
pubs.publication-statusPublished online-
pubs.volume0-
dc.identifier.eissn1877-718X-
dc.rights.licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/leglacode.en-
dc.rights.holderThe Author(s)-
Appears in Collections:Dept of Health Sciences Research Papers

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