Combining Action Observation and Motor Imagery (AO+MI): Mechanisms, Applications, and Guidelines for Enhancing Motor Learning and Rehabilitation

Abstract

This chapter opens with an introduction to the neurocognitive processes underpinning action observation (AO), imitation, and motor imagery (MI). The capacity of AO and MI to enhance motor learning and performance within a variety of movement contexts is discussed. Research exploring the effects of combining AO and MI (AO+MI) is summarised in the context of the main theoretical frameworks that support AO+MI. Evidence is then reviewed to assess whether AO+MI offers a more effective form of action simulation than either AO or MI alone. The potential benefits of AO+MI are then considered across motor learning, rehabilitation, and sport. The second half of this chapter offers a practical ‘how-to’ guide both for practitioners (e.g., coaches and physiotherapists) and self-application (e.g., athletes and patients), to deliver and use AO+MI, across a multitude of settings. This guide identifies key considerations such as viewing perspective, action type, skill level, and individual differences and provides recommendations for tailoring AO+MI practices to different contexts. The chapter concludes with directions and proposals for future research, aiming to encourage continued exploration and development for the future of AO+MI research.