Towards a steadily evolving framework for strengthening food safety governance: A holistic, government-led socio-legal approach to preventing food adulteration in Bangladesh

Abstract

This thesis investigates the issue of food adulteration in Bangladesh through the lens of systemic governance, with a focus on its profound socio-economic and public health ramifications. It critically examines how the historical evolution of governance mechanisms, fragmented legal frameworks, overlapping institutional mandates, and ineffective enforcement mechanisms have perpetuated food adulteration. This thesis contends that addressing this problem necessitates a preventive, governance-oriented strategy rather than reactionary enforcement approaches. The strengthening and optimisation of existing regulatory frameworks is key to tackling systemic inefficiencies and reducing consumer vulnerabilities. Additionally, preventive regulation, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and gradual improvements are identified as foundational pillars for meaningful progress. Technological advancements and consumer empowerment are pointed out as important drivers of long-term regulatory effectiveness. In emphasising the interconnected roles of the law, government and society, this thesis integrates socio-legal methodology with doctrinal analysis, historical inquiry, and comparative insights. This desk-based research critiques the deficiencies of Bangladesh’s existing food safety governance structures by drawing on international best practices, particularly those recommended by the Codex Alimentarius and United Nations. It synthesises legal analysis with policy-driven insights by drawing from case law, legislation, academic publications, regulatory reports, media sources, and legal commentaries across various jurisdictions to develop a governance blueprint tailored to Bangladesh’s institutional and socio-economic context. This thesis concludes that reorganising internal governance, forming collaborative partnerships with industry, and actively empowering consumers are the three areas where the government must take the lead to effectuate change. However, regulatory systems must be continuously adjusted and improved, as complete eradication of food adulteration remains an unrealistic goal. A preferable approach could be to adopt modest adjustments through open communication rather than attempting to achieve perfection all at once. The safety of Bangladesh's food supply and the overall health of the population depend on this collaborative and preventative model.