The implementation of the environmentally sustainable indicators during the design phase for privatised building projects in Malaysia

Abstract

Privatised building projects, which are frequently implemented via Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs), Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts, or Private Finance Initiatives (PFI) have emerged as a predominant global strategy for infrastructure provision. Governments are encountering increasing demands for contemporary infrastructure amidst limited public funds, leading to an expansion of private-sector participation across various sectors, including transportation, energy, healthcare, housing, and urban development. This trend has transformed the methods by which nations fund, construct, and manage critical infrastructure (Hodge and Greeve, 2017; World Bank, 2020; Asian Development Bank, 2019). [...]